The Hope Diamond
			Reading the Table

Key Idea 3: Matter is made up of particles whose properties determine the observable characteristics of matter and its reactivity.

• Observation and classification have helped us understand the great variety and complexity of Earth materials. 
• Minerals are the naturally occurring inorganic solid elements, compounds, and mixtures from which rocks are made.
• We classify minerals on the basis of their chemical composition and observable properties.
• Rocks are generally classified by their origin (igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary), texture, and mineral content.
• Rocks and minerals help us understand Earth's historical development and its dynamics.
• The use and distribution of mineral resources and fossil fuels have important economic and environmental impacts.
• As limited resources, they must be used wisely.

What's the MATTER?

Matter: anything with mass and volume. 

STUFF! -- Solid, Liquid, Gas, or Plasma!

Mass: the amount of material in an object

Mass is not the same as weight!
Weight is depends on your mass and GRAVITY present.

Volume: The amount of space taken up by an object.

Volume is usually measured in liters or cubic centimeters in the science classroom

Elements: the simplest type of stuff which all have the same atomic structure.

Periodic Table of Elements: Elements are composed of similar atoms.

Atom: The smallest part of an element that has the same physical properties.

Atoms are the basic building block of all matter:
Zoom in on a penny!

Simple model of an atom!

Build you own atoms here! 
Also build atoms at: The Atom Builder!

Nucleus: Center of an atom containing protons and neutrons

Protons: positive charged particle in the nucleus

Neutrons: neutral particle (not charged) in the nucleus

Electrons: negative particle that surrounds the nucleus

Rutherford's Experiment

All the rocks and minerals of Earth's crust are made of elements

Mineral: natural, inorganic solid, with definite structure and composition

1. Solid
2. Naturally Occurring - Not made by humans
3. Definite Chemical Formula - ex: SiO2 = Quartz
4. Crystalline - atoms arranged in geometric patterns
5. Inorganic - are not and never were living

How do we use minerals?

Can you guess what is made from these minerals?

Major Understandings: 3.1a

Chemical composition and physical properties determine how we use minerals.

How are minerals made?

Major Understandings: 3.1b Minerals are formed inorganically by the process of crystallization as a result of specific environmental conditions. These include:

• Cooling and solidification of magma
• Precipitation from water caused by evaporation, chemical reactions, and temperature changes
  (Water evaporates and leaves the minerals behind).
• Rearrangement of atoms in existing minerals subjected to conditions of high temperature and pressure (Metamorphic recrystalization).

What is a Crystal?

Crystals are solids formed by atoms or molecules of the mineral being arranged in repeating geometric patterns:  Watch a snowflake grow
Intergrown Crystals?

What does this crystal structure represent?

Mineral Identification: BRAIN POP!

WNED VIDEO STREAMING: MINERALS

MINERAL REVIEW

How can Minerals be Identified?

Major Understandings: 3.1a Minerals have physical properties determined by their chemical composition and crystal structure.

Minerals can be identified by well-defined physical and chemical properties, such as cleavage, fracture, color, density, hardness, streak, luster, crystal shape, and reaction with acid.

Mineral Identification: You need a glass plate, streak plate, copper penny, iron nail, magnifying glass and HCL to identify minerals. 

Your Reference Tables

Physical properties most useful for mineral identification: From: Amethyst Galleries, Inc

• Color - The Worst way to identify a mineral.
  Color can be changed by the smallest trace impurities.
• Streak - Good method- the color of the powder of the mineral. Porcelain plate.
• Luster - The way light reflects off a mineral's surface.
  Can be Metallic or Non-metallic.
• Hardness - Good method - minerals resistance to being scratched.  Moh's Scale.
• Cleavage - The way a mineral naturally breaks or splits.
  Cleavage: clean break along at least one side (flat side)
• Fracture: does not break with flat sides (uneven)
  Conchoidal fracture: Breaks like Glass (sharp edges)
  
  Obsidian's Conchoidal Fracture

Examples:

1. Mica: cleaves in thin sheets
2. Halite: cleaves in cubes
3. Calcite: cleaves in rhombus shapes
4. Quartz: fractures like glass

Why do minerals Cleave?

The internal arrangement of the atoms in a mineral

Minerals cleave or break along weak bonds in the crystal

Why are some minerals harder than others?

The internal arrangement of the atoms along with their chemical bonds determines if a mineral will be as hard as a diamond or as soft as talc.

Moh's Hardness Scale: Is a list of the hardness of particular minerals used to classify other minerals (ranges from 1 to 10).

1 - Talc	HARDNESS OF COMMON OBJECTS
2 - Gypsum	2.5 - fingernail
3 - Calcite	3.5 - copper penny
4 - Fluorite	4.5 - iron
5 - Apatite	5.5 - glass
6 -Orthoclase	6.5 - steel file
7 - Quartz	7 - streak plate
8 - Topaz
9 - Corundum
10 - Diamond

What are the Silicates?

Any mineral containing silicon and oxygen (SiO2)

Silicon-oxygen tetrahedron:

Examples:
1. Quartz
2. Mica
3. Hornblende
4. Feldspar
5. Pyroxene

Note: these are the most abundant minerals on earth and all are made from the silica tetrahedron.

• Which one of these represents the Silica Tetrahedron?
  One tetrahedron can make many different looking crystals
  Put them together in sheets and you get mica in chains and you get hornblende.

The internal arrangement of the atoms determines the properties of the mineral!

Other Properties:

• Reaction to acids
• Double Refraction
• Odor
• Fracture
• Specific Gravity
• Fluorescence
• Magnetic
• Feel
• Taste
• Solubility
• Chemical Reactions: Minerals that contain calcium, like calcite, fizz when weak hydrochloric acid, is put on it.
• Light Refraction: Certain calcites will bend light in 2 directions, making a double image: Calcite's Double Refraction!
  [From USGS: CLICK HERE to see each of the Minerals in this picture individually
  CLICK HERE to go to a Volcano World lesson on minerals.
  This is a major mineral website: photos, explanations, etc...
  [From another Volcano World Mineral Lesson]
  Try this mineral identification exercise!
  Everyone has a birthstone.  Your quest is to answer the following questions about your birthstone and e-mail me your responses. (due before your next exam)
  1. What is your birthday and birthstone?
  2. What are the physical properties of your birthstone? Color, luster, streak, hardness, cleavage, etc...
  3. What is the chemical composition your birthstone?
  4. Name three things that your birthstone is used for.
  5. Where are you most likely to find your birthstone?  Why?
  

Review Questions

1. Which of the following minerals is the most resistant to being scratched?
   1. Hematite
   2. Calcite
   3. Orthoclase
   4. Garnet
   
   
2. Different arrangements of tetrahedra in the silicate group of minerals result in differences in the minerals'
   1. age, density, and smoothness
   2. cleavage, color, and abundance
   3. hardness, cleavage, and crystal shape
   4. chemical composition, size, and origin
   
3. The relative hardness of a mineral can best be tested by
   1. scratching the mineral across a glass plate
   2. squeezing the mineral with calibrated pliers
   3. determining the density of the mineral
   4. breaking the mineral with a hammer
   
   
4. The mineral mica breaks evenly along flat sheets mainly because of its
   1. atomic arrangement
   2. chemical composition
   3. hardness
   4. density
   
   
5. Quartz mineral samples are best identified by their
   1. hardness
   2. color
   3. size
   4. mass
   
   
6. Although more than 2,000 minerals have been identified, 90% of Earth's lithosphere is composed of the 12 minerals listed in the table.  The best explanation for this fact is that most rocks
   1. are monomineralic
   2. are composed of recrystalized minerals, only
   3. have a number of minerals in common
   4. have a 10% nonmineral composition
   
7. Which common mineral fizzes when dilute hydrochloric acid (HCl) is placed on it?
   1. calcite
   2. feldspar
   3. quartz
   4. talc
   
   
8. Which of the following minerals has metallic luster, silver color, black streak, and contains iron?
   1. Graphite
   2. Galena
   3. Magnetite
   4. Pyrite
   
   
9. Which of the minerals listed below has non-metallic luster and can have the shape of little cubes?
   1. Pyrite
   2. Halite
   3. Galena
   4. Calcite
   
   
10. Which property is most useful in mineral identification?
    1. hardness
    2. color
    3. size
    4. texture